From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
with "merci", the
word for "thank you", written on it, planted in front of a cross in the
Gratitude, thankfulness, thanksgiving, or gratefulness, from the Latin gratus ‘pleasing, thankful’, is a feeling of appreciation felt by and/or similar positive response shown by the recipient of kindness, gifts, help, favors, or other types of generosity, towards the giver of such gifts. The experience of gratitude has historically been a focus of several world . It has also been a topic of interest to ancient, medieval and modern philosophers, and continues to engage contemporary western philosophers. The systematic study of gratitude within psychology only began around the year 2000, possibly because psychology traditionally focused more on understanding distress than on understanding positive emotions. The study of gratitude within psychology has focused on the understanding of the short term experience of the emotion of gratitude (state gratitude), individual differences in how frequently people feel gratitude ( gratitude), and the relationship between these two aspects.
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Gratitude is not the same as indebtedness. While both
occur following help, indebtedness occurs when a person perceives that they are under an obligation to make some repayment of compensation for the aid. The emotions lead
indebtedness can motivate the recipient of the aid to avoid the person who has helped them, whereas gratitude can motivate the recipient to seek out their benefactor and to improve their relationship with them.
Gratitude may also serve to reinforce future prosocial behavior in benefactors. For example, one experiment found that customers of a jewelry store who were called and thanked showed a subsequent 70% increase in purchases. In comparison, customers who were called and told about a sale showed only a 30% increase in purchases, and customers who were not called at all did not show an increase. In another study, regular patrons of a restaurant gave bigger tips when servers wrote "Thank you" on their checks.
The link between spirituality and gratitude has recently become a popular subject of study. While these two characteristics are certainly not dependent on each other, studies have found that spirituality is capable of enhancing a person’s ability to be grateful and therefore, those who regularly attend religious services or engage in religious activities are more likely to have a greater sense of gratitude in all areas of life. Gratitude is viewed as a prized human propensity in the Christian, Buddhist, Muslim, Jewish, Baha'i, and Hindu traditions. Worship with gratitude to
is a common theme in such religions and therefore, the concept of gratitude permeates religious texts, teachings, and traditions. For this reason, it is one of the most common emotions that religions aim to provoke and maintain in followers and is regarded as a universal religious sentiment.
In Judaism, gratitude is an essential part of the act of worship and a part of every aspect of a worshiper’s life. According to the Hebrew worldview, all things come from God and because of this, gratitude is extremely important to the followers of Judaism. The Hebrew Scriptures are filled with the idea of gratitude. Two examples included in the psalms are "O Lord my God, I will give thanks to you forever," and "I will give thanks to the Lord with my whole heart" (Ps. 30:12; Ps. 9:1). The Jewish prayers also often incorporate gratitude beginning with the Shema, where the worshiper states that out of gratitude, "You shall love the Eternal, your God, with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your might" (Deut. 6:5). One of the crucial blessings in the central thrice-daily prayer, the "Amidah", is called "Modim" - "We give thanks to You"; this is also the only blessing which is recited by the congregation together with the leader during their repetition of the Amidah. The concluding prayer, the Alenu, also speaks of gratitude by thanking God for the particular destiny of the Jewish people. Along with these prayers, faithful worshipers recite more than one hundred blessings called berachot throughout the day. In Judaism there is also a major emphasis on gratitude for acts of human kindness and goodness.
: Thank you message in the grotto of
C added by those for whom prayer or miracles were granted
Gratitude has been said to mold and shape the entire Christian life.
referred to gratitude as "The basic Christian attitude" and today it is still referred to as "the heart of the gospel." As each Christian believes they were created by a personal God, Christians are strongly encouraged to praise and give gratitude to their creator. In Christian gratitude, God is seen as the selfless giver of all good things and because of this, there is a deep sense of gratefulness which enables Christians to share a common bond, shaping all aspects of a follower’s life. Gratitude in Christianity is an acknowledgment of God’s generosity that inspires Christians to shape their own thoughts and actions around such ideals. Instead of simply a sentimental feeling, Christian gratitude is regarded as a virtue that shapes not only emotions and thoughts but also actions and deeds.
writes in his A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections that gratitude and thankfulness toward God are among the signs of true religion. Because of this interpretation, modern measures of religious spirituality include assessments of thankfulness and gratitude towards God. Allport (1950) suggested that mature religious intentions come from feelings of profound gratitude and Edwards () claimed that the "affection" of gratitude is one of the most accurate ways of finding the presence of God in a person’s life. In a study done by Samuels and Lester (1985) it was contended that in a small sample of Catholic nuns and priests, out of 50 emotions, love and gratitude were the most experienced emotion towards God.
In the Orthodox, Catholic and Anglican churches, the most important the name derives from the Greek word eucharistia for thanksgiving.
The Islamic sacred text, The Quran, is filled with the idea of gratitude. Islam encourages its followers to be grateful and express thanks to God in all circumstances. Islamic teaching emphasizes the idea that those who are grateful will be rewarded with more. A traditional Islamic saying states that, "The first who will be summoned to paradise are those who have praised God in every circumstance" In the Quran it is also stated in Sura 14 that those who are grateful will be given more by God. The prophet Muhammad also said, "Gratitude for the abundance you have received is the best insurance that the abundance will continue."[] Many practices of the Islamic faith also encourage gratitude. The Pillar of Islam calling for daily prayer encourages believers to pray to God five times a day in order to thank him for his goodness. The pillar of fasting during the month of Ramadan is for the purpose of putting the believer in a state of gratitude.
Much of the recent work psychological research into gratitude has focused on the nature of individual difference in gratitude, and the consequences of being a more or less grateful person. Three
have been developed to measure individual differences in gratitude, each of which assesses somewhat different conceptions. The GQ6 measures individual differences in how frequently and intensely people feel gratitude. The Appreciation Scale measures 8 different aspects of gratitude: appreciation of people, possessions, the present moment, rituals, feeling of awe, social comparisons, existential concerns, and behaviour which expresses gratitude. The GRAT assesses gratitude towards other people, gratitude towards the world in general, and a lack of resentment for what you do not have. A recent study showed that each of these scales are actually all measuring the same way this suggests that individual differences in gratitude include all of these components.
A large body of recent[] work has suggested that people who are more grateful have higher levels of . Grateful people are happier, less depressed, less stressed, and more satisfied with their lives and . Specifically, in terms of depression, gratitude may serve as a buffer by enhancing the coding and retrievability of positive experiences. Grateful people also have higher levels of control of their environments, personal growth, purpose in life, and self acceptance. Grateful people have more positive ways of coping with the difficulties they experience in life, being more likely to seek support from other people, reinterpret and grow from experiences, and spend more time planning how to deal with the problem. Grateful people also have less negative coping strategies, being less likely to try to avoid the problem, deny there is a problem, blame themselves, or cope through substance use. Grateful people sleep better, and this seems to be because they think less negative and more positive thoughts just before going to sleep.
Gratitude has been said[] to have one of the strongest links with
of any character trait. Numerous studies suggest that grateful people are more likely to have higher levels of happiness and lower levels of stress and depression.
While many emotions and personality traits are important to well-being, there is evidence that gratitude may be uniquely important. First, a longitudinal study showed that people who were more grateful coped better with a life transition. Specifically, people who were more grateful before the transition were less stressed, less depressed, and more satisfied with their relationships three months later. Second, two recent studies have suggested that gratitude may have a unique relationship with well-being, and can explain aspects of well-being that other personality traits cannot. Both studies showed that gratitude was able to explain more well-being than the
and 30 of the most commonly studied personality traits.
Gratitude has also been shown to improve a person’s altruistic tendencies. One study conducted by David DeSteno and Monica Bartlett (2010) found that gratitude is correlated with economic generosity. In this study, using an economic game, increased gratitude was shown to directly mediate increased monetary giving. From these results, this study shows that grateful people are more likely to sacrifice individual gains for communal profit (DeSteno & Bartlett, 2010). A study conducted by McCullough, Emmons, & Tsang, (2002) found similar correlations between gratitude and empathy, generosity, and helpfulness.
Given that gratitude appears to be a strong determinant of people's well-being, several psychological interventions have been developed to increase gratitude. For example, Watkins and colleagues had participants test a number of different gratitude exercises, such as thinking about a living person for whom they are grateful, writing about someone for whom they are grateful, and writing a letter to deliver to someone for whom they are grateful. Participants in the control condition were asked to describe their living room. Participants who engaged in a gratitude exercise showed increases in their experiences of positive emotion immediately after the exercise, and this effect was strongest for participants who were asked to think about a person for whom they are grateful. Participants who had grateful personalities to begin with showed the greatest benefit from these gratitude exercises. In another study concerning gratitude, participants were randomly assigned to one of six therapeutic intervention conditions designed to improve the participants' overall quality of life (Seligman et al., 2005). Out of these conditions, it was found that the biggest short-term effects came from a "gratitude visit" where participants wrote and delivered a letter of gratitude to someone in their life. This condition showed a rise in happiness scores by 10 percent and a significant fall in depression scores, results which lasted up to one month after the visit. Out of the six conditions, the longest lasting effects were associated with the act of writing "" where participants were asked to write down three things they were grateful for every day. These participants’ happiness scores also increased and continued to increase each time they were tested periodically after the experiment. In fact, the greatest benefits were usually found to occur around six months after treatment began. This exercise was so successful that although participants were only asked to continue the journal for a week, many participants continued to keep the journal long after the study was over. Similar results have been found from studies conducted by Emmons and McCullough (2003) and Lyubomirsky et. all. (2005). See also .
Recently (2013), the
at the , has been offering awards for dissertation-level research projects with the greatest potential to advance the science and practice of gratitude.
According to , "Gratitude is not only the greatest of the virtues but the parent of all others." Multiple studies have shown the correlation between gratitude and increased wellbeing not only for the individual but for all people involved. The positive psychology movement has embraced these studies and in an effort to increase overall well-being, has begun to make an effort to incorporate exercises to increase gratitude into the movement. Although in the past gratitude has been neglected by psychology, in recent years much progress has been made in studying gratitude and its positive effects.
Emmons, Robert A., and Cheryl A. Crumpler. "Gratitude as a Human Strength: Appraising the Evidence." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 19.1 (2000): 56-69. Print.
Manela, Tony.
In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta, 2015.
Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). .Emotion, 8, 281-290.
McCullough, M. E., Tsang, J. & Emmons, R. A. (2004). Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain: Links of grateful moods to individual differences and daily emotional experience. , 86,295-309.
Greenberg, M. S. (1980). A theory of indebtedness. In K. J. Gergen, M. S. Greenberg & R. H. Wills (Eds.), Social exchange: Advances in theory and research: New York: Plenum.
Watkins, P. C., Scheer, J., Ovnicek, M., & Kolts, R. (2006). The debt of gratitude: Dissociating gratitude and indebtedness. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 217-241, :.
Tsang, J. A. (2006).
Carey, J. R., Clicque, S. H., Leighton, B. A., & Milton, F. (1976). A test of positive reinforcement of customers. Journal of Marketing, 40, 98-100.
Rind, B., & Bordia, P. (1995). Effect of server's "Thank you" and personalization on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 745-751.
McCullough, M.E., Emmons, R.A., & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 112-127
Emmons, Robert A.; Michael E. McCullough. . Archived from
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Emmons, Robert A., and Teresa T. Kneezel. "Giving Gratitude: Spiritual and Religious Correlates of Gratitude." Journal of Psychology and Christianity 24.2 (2005): 140-48. Print.
Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2007).
The Psychologist, 20, 18-21
Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N., & Joseph, S. (2008).
Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 619-630.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112-127.
Adler, M. G., & Fagley, N. S. (2005). Appreciation: Individual differences in finding value and meaning as a unique predictor of subjective well-being. Journal of Personality, 73, 79-114.
Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., & Kolts, R. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective well-being. ', 31, 431-451.
Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Maltby, J. (2008). , Gratitude uniquely predicts satisfaction with life: Incremental validity above the domains and facets of the Five Factor Model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 49-54.
Kashdan, T.B., Uswatte, G., & Julian, T. (2006). Gratitude and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Vietnam War veterans. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 177-199.
Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., & Kolts, R. L. (2003). GRATITUDE AND HAPPINESS: DEVELOPMENT OF A MEASURE OF GRATITUDE, AND RELATIONSHIPS WITH SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 31(5), 431.
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Desteno, D; Bartlett, M. Y.; Baumann, J; Williams, L. A.; Dickens, L (2010). "Gratitude as moral sentiment: Emotion-guided cooperation in economic exchange". Emotion. 10 (2): 289–93. :.  .
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in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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请登录后留言。周末约mm出来吃饭，饭后想请她看看电影，没有这方面的经验，各位给提点注意事项。谢谢！
100daitoudage888]
编辑：www.fx114.net
本篇文章主要介绍了"周末约mm出来吃饭，饭后想请她看看电影，没有这方面的经验，各位给提点注意事项。谢谢！
100daitoudage888]"，主要涉及到周末约mm出来吃饭，饭后想请她看看电影，没有这方面的经验，各位给提点注意事项。谢谢！
100daitoudage888]方面的内容，对于周末约mm出来吃饭，饭后想请她看看电影，没有这方面的经验，各位给提点注意事项。谢谢！
100daitoudage888]感兴趣的同学可以参考一下。
mm已经答应出来一起去吃饭了。可是不知道要注意些啥，各位有经验的大哥们给提点意见。
csdn就免了...，希望提点有用的。谢谢！自己顶下自己顶下大方得体顶下大方一点没有什么好注义的,越自然越好..jfup顺其自然吧，晚饭后直接说吧想干嘛干嘛，想说什么说什么～
不需要什么建议，你是什么样儿就真实的呈现在她面前，
要长久，面具不可能戴一辈子～
虽然人生如戏，但是能有几人坚持唱全场呢？如果要去看电影的话是不是要电视中演的那样准备点爆米花之类的？饭桌上狠劲吹ＮＢ，然后你就
完蛋了。越自然越好..jf再顶顶。该干吗就干吗jfjf心灵美就好！！jfjf如果要去看电影的话是不是要电视中演的那样准备点爆米花之类的？
-----------------------
好像有点意思，该学习学习。吃饭&逛公园&虽然很老套
但是应该一点点的来公园，kfc，清吧&随便做做&谈谈人生&理想&，过去&现在&将来随意一点就好了啦~
表用想太多的~
放轻松一点到时候一切都会很顺利的：）顺其自然吧体现真性情就好了。不要装買玫瑰花！吃完饭找点mm喜欢的事情一起坐坐花不要买太唐突，&买点吃的&这样比较轻松嗯，谢谢各位！下班结帖。花太唐突了，第一次吃饭呢。自信..别紧张.第一次吃饭还好&&&要是第一次....偶有JY&:)
1.爆米花肯定得买，一般上档次的影城门口都有卖，也有果汁之类，当然会比外面卖的贵些，贵几块钱。最好还是在影城门口买，MM最喜欢看GG掏钱动作了。当然你最好先去影城了解一下，行话叫“蹲点”。
2.瓜子必备。瓜子有各种，能先了解到MM喜欢哪种口味的更好，如果不晓得MM喜欢哪种那就准备几样常见的。背个小包带去，到时拿出来MM挑，这么诚意，MM能不感动吗。
3.衣服外套。如果是晚上也许MM会冷，你得备着一件。或者你自己多穿件。
4.果汁，上面说过了。
5.小糖果、蜜饯也可考虑。
6.口香糖、木糖醇之类，。你东西吃多了，口×，到时要KISS&MM不方便。
7.面巾纸。
8.塑料袋，环保嘛，装垃圾瓜子壳等用。
9.最好早点去买票，买个第6、7排的位置，视觉效果好。靠中间位置好，没有别人经过你面前，晃来晃去的。
10.挑个轻松搞笑的片。给MM留个好印象。比如《出租车4》。如果MM有事先要求想看哪种片的，那就按MM的要求吧。
11.最重要的：钱带够！
吃饭方面：
1.保持点绅士风度就好了。
2.准备几个小笑话、脑袋急转弯。
给分！！！！恩,楼上不错kosho&
偶系休喷梦&
&发表于：&13:25:5935楼&得分:0&
偶有JY&&&:)&
1.爆米花肯定得买，一般上档次的影城门口都有卖，也有果汁之类，当然会比外面卖的贵些，贵几块钱。最好还是在影城门口买，MM最喜欢看GG掏钱动作了。当然你最好先去影城了解一下，行话叫“蹲点”。&
2.瓜子必备。瓜子有各种，能先了解到MM喜欢哪种口味的更好，如果不晓得MM喜欢哪种那就准备几样常见的。背个小包带去，到时拿出来MM挑，这么诚意，MM能不感动吗。&
3.衣服外套。如果是晚上也许MM会冷，你得备着一件。或者你自己多穿件。&
4.果汁，上面说过了。&
5.小糖果、蜜饯也可考虑。&
6.口香糖、木糖醇之类，。你东西吃多了，口×，到时要KISS&&&MM不方便。&
7.面巾纸。&
8.塑料袋，环保嘛，装垃圾瓜子壳等用。&
9.最好早点去买票，买个第6、7排的位置，视觉效果好。靠中间位置好，没有别人经过你面前，晃来晃去的。&
10.挑个轻松搞笑的片。给MM留个好印象。比如《出租车4》。如果MM有事先要求想看哪种片的，那就按MM的要求吧。&
11.最重要的：钱带够！&
吃饭方面：&
1.保持点绅士风度就好了。&
2.准备几个小笑话、脑袋急转弯。&
给分！！！！&
=======================
很好，谢谢！分在结帖的时候会给。（多给你几分，呵呵）2.准备几个小笑话、脑袋急转弯。&吃饭玩找个地方&做爱&做&的事情jf学习35楼的顺其自然吧准备钱就行了.直接插入;瞬间征服啊....我这话都说了n边了..认真学习。。。切忌现找饭店，想好去那吃，本来很好的事，你要是找半天饭店那就完了
吃饭点菜，要女孩点，点好要果断些，记住不要墨迹
最近没什么好电影，至少我们看好哪个，感觉就变形金刚还行，北京还在上影
lz吃饭别吧唧嘴，我最烦吧唧嘴的，相信很多人都烦，嘴里很多东西就别说话，咽下去再说准备很多钱就行了.吃饭不是重要的...
关键是吃饭以后你怎么把握
女人来的多&走的也多
问题用样在与&&在她来只后&&走之前&你做过些什么...PS_PUT_VHL_TAX_CERTI第一次约MM出来别太晚回家祝福搂住接分+祝福注意形象，不要乱说话自然真诚就行，要自然，风趣。嘎嘎&见机行事祝福你一下多准备money~~~还要故意搞点幽默~~~吃饭时要给人拿凳子~~~~好运要装的成熟，老道
呵呵直接跟她说，有没有兴趣去看电影？偶有JY&&&:)&
1.爆米花肯定得买，一般上档次的影城门口都有卖，也有果汁之类，当然会比外面卖的贵些，贵几块钱。最好还是在影城门口买，MM最喜欢看GG掏钱动作了。当然你最好先去影城了解一下，行话叫“蹲点”。&
2.瓜子必备。瓜子有各种，能先了解到MM喜欢哪种口味的更好，如果不晓得MM喜欢哪种那就准备几样常见的。背个小包带去，到时拿出来MM挑，这么诚意，MM能不感动吗。&
3.衣服外套。如果是晚上也许MM会冷，你得备着一件。或者你自己多穿件。&
4.果汁，上面说过了。&
5.小糖果、蜜饯也可考虑。&
6.口香糖、木糖醇之类，。你东西吃多了，口×，到时要KISS&&&MM不方便。&
7.面巾纸。&
8.塑料袋，环保嘛，装垃圾瓜子壳等用。&
9.最好早点去买票，买个第6、7排的位置，视觉效果好。靠中间位置好，没有别人经过你面前，晃来晃去的。&
10.挑个轻松搞笑的片。给MM留个好印象。比如《出租车4》。如果MM有事先要求想看哪种片的，那就按MM的要求吧。&
11.最重要的：钱带够！&
吃饭方面：&
1.保持点绅士风度就好了。&
2.准备几个小笑话、脑袋急转弯。&
给分！！！！
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学到不少保持本色,是什么鸟就是什么鸟
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