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大约五千多年前，中国人的祖先就生活在黄河流域，他们分成好几个部落。传说，其中有两个部落的首领黄帝和炎帝是同父异母兄弟。//
The ancestors of today’s Chinese began to settle in the
Huang He (Yellow River) valley more than five thousand years ago.
They were at the time divided into several different tribes.Legend
has it that there were then two tribal chieftains who were half
brothers named Huang Di (the Yellow Emperor) and Yan Di
respectively.//
黄帝带领各部落的人民祭祀天地、鬼神，大搞农业生产，发展文化。他创立了中国最早的历法，称为“黄帝历”，又称“黄历”。//黄帝同名医岐伯一起研究医学，后人根据他们讨论的医学理论写成了医书《黄帝内经》。黄帝让妻子教老百姓养蚕，制作五色衣服。黄帝命令史官仓颉创造了文字。黄帝又命令乐官制作各种乐器。//人们在黄帝的带领下，创造发明了许多东西，建造房子，制造车和船，还学会用铜制作兵器。黄河流域就成了中国古代文化的摇篮，也成了人类古代文化的发源地之一。//
Huang Di led the people in offering sacrifices to heaven
and earth and to gods and spirits. He got them organized in
agricultural production and the development of culture. He devised
the first calendar in China which was called Huang Di’s calendar or
the Huang calendar.// He also engaged in the study of medicine with
a famous medical man of that time named Qi Bo. The medical theories
they developed were later written into a medical classic by
posterity which was given the title of the Yellow Emperor’s Classic
of Internal Medicine. Huang Di also had his wife teach the people
how to raise silkworms and make clothes of different colours. He
ordered Cang Jie, his chronicler, to set about devising a writing
system and had his music officer make all kinds of musical
instruments.// Under his leadership, the people created many new
things. They built houses, vehicle and boats. They made weapons of
bronze. The Yellow River valley thus became the cradle of Chinese
civilization and a centre of ancient civilization of
mankind.//
黄河流域的部落称自己是“华族”或“华夏族”。华夏族的人民把文化渐渐传播到全国各地。这样，“中华民族”就成了中国各部落的总称。//中华民族非常敬仰黄帝，把黄帝看做是华夏族的祖先，称自己是黄帝的子孙。因为炎帝和黄帝是同一个母亲生的，两个部落后来合并成一个部落，所以中国人称自己是“炎黄子孙”。//传说，黄帝活到一百岁那天，天上的神龙下来接他，黄帝就乘着神龙回到了天上。后来人们为纪念黄帝，在古都西安修建了“黄帝陵”。//
The tribes that settled in the Yellow River valley called
themselves the Hua tribes or Huaxia tribes whose civilization
gradually spread to other parts of the country. This is the origin
of the Chinese nation.// The whole nation respect and revere Huang
Di looking on him as the common ancestor of the whole nation. That
is why they call themselves the scions of Huang Di. And since Huang
Di and Yan Di were believed to be born of the same mother and since
their two tribes were later merged, the Chinese have another name
for themselves and that is “the scions of Huang Di and Yan Di”.
According to legend, Huang Di lived to be a hundred years old when
on his 100th birthday a divine dragon came for him from
heaven. On this dragon he rode, to where he had come from. In
memory of Huang Di, later generations built at the ancient capital
of Xi’an a huge mausoleum which they called Huang Di’s
Mausoleum.//
佛教是西汉末年传入中国的，经过东汉、魏、晋、南北朝，一直到隋朝，佛教在中国有了很大的发展。隋朝的东都洛阳有个名叫陈袆的孩子，家里非常穷苦，11岁进寺院，做了和尚，取法名“玄奘”。//
Buddhism was first introduced to China during the last
years of the Western Han, Wei, Jin, the Northern and Southern
Dynasties until Sui. During the Sui Dynasty, in the Eastern Capital
Luoyang there lived a boy by the name of Chen Hui. As his family
was poverty stricken, he was sent at eleven to a temple to be a
little monk where he was given the Buddhist name Xuan
玄奘在学习佛学、深入钻研佛经的过程中，觉得有些佛经的汉文翻译得不一定确切，存在着许多疑问，他决心到佛教发源地印度去。//
Xuan Zang made a conscientious and thorough-going study of
Buddhist sutras in the course of which it occurred to him that the
Chinese translation of some of the scriptures might not be accurate
so that he was confronted by many insolvable questions. Hence he
resolved to make a trip to India, the birthplace of
Buddhism.//
玄奘将自己历时15年、跋涉55000多公里、旅经110个国家的见闻，包括地理位置、风土人情、名胜古迹、故事传说和历史人物等等，写成了一本《大唐西域记》。这本书现在已经译成好几国文字，成为一部世界名著。//玄奘回到长安以后，在慈恩寺负责佛经著作的翻译和研究，经过19年的辛勤劳动，译出了75部佛经共1335卷。//现在汉语当中的“印度”这个名词，就是那时候玄奘翻译确定的。同时玄奘又把中国古代重要的哲学著作老子的《道德经》译成梵文，介绍给印度人民。玄奘还创立了佛教中的法相宗。//
Upon his return from the trip, Xuan Zang completed a book
entitled “Notes on the Western Regions of the Great Tang Empire’’,
in which was recorded what he had seen and heard in the 110
countries which he had visited during his travels. Using
information he had collected in his 55,000-kilometre journey which
lasted some fifteen years, he dealt with geographical locations,
local conditions and customs, places of historical and scenic
interest, stories and legends and historical events and figures,
Having been translated into various languages, the book has become
famous and interesting to all the world.//After his return to
Chang’an, he settled in the Ci En Si Temple, taking upon himself
the task of studying& and translating Buddhist
scriptures. After nineteen years of arduous work he completed the
translation of seventy-five Buddhist scriptures comprising in all
1,355 scrolls.// The term yindu (India) in the Chinese language was
Xuan Zang’s choice. Meanwhile, he has introduced to the India
people Dao De Jing by Laozi, an important philosophical work of
ancient China which he had translated into Snskrit. He was also the
founder of Fa Xiang Zong in Buddhism.//
玄奘是中国历史上一位杰出的旅行家、探险家、翻译家和宗教哲学理论家。因为他是中国唐朝的高僧，所以又被称为“唐僧”。玄奘取经是中国文化史上的一个壮举，也是中国和印度文化交流史上的一段佳话。//明朝文学家吴承恩根据玄奘取经的历史传说，用神话故事的形式，写成了小说《西游记》，书中唐僧的原型就是这位玄奘。//
Xuan Zang was an outstanding traveler, explorer,
translator, philosopher and theologist. Because he was a monk of
great renown of the Tang Dynasty, he was often referred to as Tang
Seng (a monk of Tang). His pilgrimage was a heroic undertaking in
the history of Chinese culture. It is also an oft-told story about
the history of cultural exchange between China and India.// Basing
his story on the historical legend of Xuan Zang’s pilgrimage, the
Ming novelist Wu Cheng’en wrote the famous mythical novel “A
Pilgrimage to the West ” in which Xuan Zang is the prototype of
Tang Seng the Buddhist priest.//
忽必烈建立元朝的时候，中国是世界上最强大、最富庶的国家，西方各国使者、商人和旅行家纷纷到中国来经商、观光。意大利人马可·波罗就是其中的一位欧洲来客。//在中国古代中西方文化交流史上，马可·波罗是第一个游历中国和其他亚洲国家的欧洲人，他留下的重要著作《马可·波罗游记》，为沟通中西方文化交流作出了重要贡献。马可·波罗是中意人民友好的先驱者。//
At the time of the founding of the Yuan Dynasty by Kublai
Khan, China was probably the most powerful as well as the most
wealthy country in the world. As such it held great attractions for
envoys, merchants and travelers from various countries to the
west.//Among the visitors was Marco Polo, an Italian who was the
first European to make extensive tours in China and some other
Asian countries and whose remarkable books, “the Travels of Marco
Polo” was a significant& contribution to East-West
cultural exchange. Marco Polo was indeed a pioneer in forging
friendly ties between the people of Italy and China.//
震动欧洲的《马可·波罗游记》被称为“世界一大奇书”。书中记述了马可·波罗三人东行时沿途一些国家和地区的风土人情；记载了元朝国事、战事、朝廷、宫殿、节目、打猎、婚丧习俗和封建迷信等等情况；//详细描述了北京、西安、开封、南京、扬州、苏州和杭州等地风光和繁华的景象；并将中国人民已经使用了两千多年的燃料——煤炭的知识，介绍给欧洲人民。//书中热情赞颂中国是一个地大物博、文化发达的古国。这本书也介绍了俄国、东南亚和南洋一些国家、地区的情况。一些欧洲地理学家根据这本书绘制出来的早期的《世界地图》，更激起了西方人对中国文明的向往，坚定了他们冒险东进的决心。//1492年，著名旅行家哥伦布也从书中受到启发和鼓舞，带着西班牙国王给中国黄豆粉的书信，出发到中国和印度，结果无意中到了美洲，发现了新大陆。//
This book, which stirred the whole of Europe, is sometimes
referred to as “the great romance of the world”. It describes what
Marco Polo and the other two Italians had seen of the customs and
conditions of life in the countries they had visited on their
journey to the east and chronicles the state affairs of Yuan and
the wars it engaged in. It contains descriptions of life at court,
palace architecture, festivals, games hunting, marriage and burial
customs, feudal superstitious practices and what not.// There are
also detailed descriptions of the beautiful sight of flourishing
cities like Beijing, Xi’an, Kaifeng, Nanjing, Yangzhou, Suzhou and
Hangzhou. The use of coal, which had already had a history of 2,000
years in China, were introduced to Europe through this book.//
China, according to Marco Polo, was a vast country rich in natural
resources, an ancient country with a long civilized history, The
book also includes sections on other countries and lands like
Russia and Southeast Asia. On the basis of Marco Polo’s
descriptions, some European geographers succeeded in making an
early map of the world which stimulated the West’s interest in
Chinese civilization and helped strengthen their determination to
set sail for the east.// It was with the inspiration and
encouragement provided by this book that the famous navigator
Columbus started on his voyage in 1492, carrying with him a message
from the king of Spain for the Chinese emperor. It was an accident
that he had finally hit land in America and discovered a new
continent.//
在中国古代史上，黄河被称为中华民族的“母亲”，她哺育了千千万万中华儿女。黄河流域是中华民族的“摇篮”，也是中国文化的发祥地。//远古时期，这里曾经草木茂密，植物丰盛，中华民族的祖先便在这块广大的土地上劳动生息。经过数十万年原始社会生活以后，在中国这块辽阔的国土上，最先进入农业文明，也最早进入阶级社会。//中国历史典籍中记载的神农氏、黄帝、尧、舜、禹，及其许多神话般的传说都出现在黄河流域。黄河流域的古都西安、洛阳、开封是北宋以前中国政治、经济和文化的中心。//勤劳勇敢的炎黄子孙在这里谱写了惊心动魄的历史篇章，创造了绚丽多彩的艺术文化。黄河流域至今还保留着大量的文物和古迹。//
Known in ancient history as the “mother” of the Chinese
nation, the Yellow River has given life to hundreds of millions of
Chinese. It is also called the “cradle” of the nation and the
birthplace of its civilization.// In remote antiquity, the Yellow
River Valley was covered with luxuriant growths of trees and grass,
a region with an abundance of plant life where our ancestors lived
and worked and propagated. After hundreds of thousands of years of
primitive society, the Yellow River Valley, of all places in China,
became the first settled agricultural region in the country and the
first foothold of class society. // All the names that entered
Chinese historical annals, like Shen Nong Shi, Huang Di, Yao, Shun
and Yu the Great and many of our myths and legends are associated
with the Yellow River. Ancient capitals in the valley, such as
Xi’an, Luoyang and Kaifeng, were before the time of the Northern
Song Dynasty, the political, economic and cultural centres of the
country.// The brave and industrious sons and daughters of Huang Di
and Yan Di have created in this region a history that is truly
world-shaking, bringing forth an immensely colourful and
resplendent culture and art. Many of the historical sites and
cultural relics and still there today.//
Anthropologists define culture as any human behavior that
is learned rather than genetically transmitted. They believe that
culture is not nec it exists in any type or
stage of civilization. In addition, the cultural patterns that are
typical of a certain group communicate the essence of that group.
Culture distinguishes one group of people from another. Culture is
all pervasive, including not only customs and habits, ideas and
beliefs but also the artifacts made by humans.//
人类学家给文化一词的定义是：人类后天学习所习得而非遗传所得的行为。他们认为文化无所谓高低之分，任何形式的文化、文明的各个阶段均有其具体的文化形式。此外，一个特有的群体所具有的文化模式表现了该群体的特征。文化使不同种群的人类各不相同。文化无所不包，风俗习惯、思想观念与信仰属于文化范畴，人类所创造的一切均属文化的范畴。//
Culture has two major components: the material and
nonmaterial. While the former refers to tangible items such as
cars, watches, television sets, and houses, the latter is comprised
of intangible elements such as values, beliefs and customs. Both
the material and nonmaterial components of culture play a major
role in influencing people’s perceptions of reality, thought and
behavior patterns./ /
文化分物质的与非物质的两个组成部分。前者指的是有形的物品，如轿车、手表、电视机、房屋等，后者则包含诸如价值观、信仰、风俗等无形的要素。文化的组成部分，无论是有形的还是无形的，均在影响人们对现实的看法、思维与行为的模式方面起着决定性的作用。//
The nonmaterial component of culture can be illustrated by
the following examples: values, norms, beliefs, emotions,
attitudes, laws and symbols.
文化的非物质成分可由以下方面加以说明：价值观念、行为准则、信仰、情感、态度、法律、符合等等。
Culture shapes values, norms, emotions beliefs, attitudes,
symbols, laws, perceptions and material possessions. In turn, these
impact culture, which means that cultures are dynamic, always
undergoing tremendous change. As individual and group qualities
change either due to the internal process of growth and maturation
or contact with outside groups, cultures also change.//
文化使价值观念、行为准则、情感、信仰、态度、符号、法律、观念和物质的财富得以形成。反过来，这些又对文化形成冲击，说明文化不是一成不变的，文化无时不在进行着深刻的变化。//
Values that characterize what is desirable are a
significant part of culture. Very often, values of one cultural
group may be in conflict with those of another. While
individualism, competition and winning are core values of U.S.
society, East Asian societies of China, Korea and Japan that are
deeply rooted in Confucianism put paramount emphasis on proper
social relationships and their maintenance. Emphasis on social
relationship in Asia and on the individual in the United States
produces different patterns of interpersonal and management
衡量什么才是称心合意的东西体现了人的价值观念，属文化的重要组成部分。一个文化群体的价值观念常常与另一文化群体的价值观念水火不容。个体主义和竞争取胜是美国社会的核心价值观念。亚洲人看重的是社会关系，美国人看重的是个人因素，由此产生的是不同的人际关系与管理方式的模式。//
Norms can be defined as rules that guide behavior. While
some norms are proscriptive, stating what must not be done, others
are prescriptive, stressing what must be done. Standards that
define what is “normal” are determined by the culture
行为准则指的是指导人们行为的规则。有些文化的准则是禁止型的，表明哪些是不允许做的事情；还有一些文化的准则是规定型的，强调哪些是必须做的事情。何为规范？标准取决于文化本身。//
Beliefs which directly or indirectly what is right or
wrong also differ from one culture to another. Beliefs are at the
core of forming particular world views. The ”rugged individualism”
concept that is prevalent in the U.S. may not be well-regarded in
Mexico even though they believe in “individuality”. U.S. people
regard the individual as the center of attention, with ability to
achieve anything through hard work.//
信仰直接或简介地支配正确与错误，这也取决于文化。信仰是形成特定世界观的核心。彻头彻尾的个体主义在美国是理所当然的，而在墨西哥这并不是人们推崇备至的，尽管他们也信奉个人的努力。美国人视个体为关注的焦点，只要通过努力，每个人都能实现自己的梦想。//
Finally, culture can be defined in terms of symbols that a
group of people are associated with. A flag with fifty stars,
white, blue and red colors and a eagle symbolizes the United States
of America and so do very big cars. Movies that are shown abroad
tend to portray the United States as a country with many rich
people and plenty of guns. As these examples illustrate, some of
our perceptions of a certain culture may be quite true and others
may not be so true because they are based on a small sample of the
population.// I have seen many movies, for example, on Africa and
almost in every case, there is an animal around. If it is not a
lion, it is an elephant or a giraffe. The truth is that these
animals are not so rampant or at least they don’t roam about
people’s compounds as often as the movies tend to suggest. Just as
perceiving the U.S. people in terms of abounding riches may to a
large extent be a false image, the same is true of other cultures,
最后，文化还可以视为与某一个群体相连的象征符号。一面星条旗，白蓝红相间，或者鹰，是美国的标志，大型轿车也是美国的象征。国外放映的电影通常描述的是：美国的富人比比皆是，枪支四处可见。正如以上例子说明的，我们对某一特定文化的一些看法可能蛮符合事实，而另一些看法则未必正确。因为这些是基于有限的取样。//例如，我看过许多关于非洲的电影，几乎每部片子中都有一只动物，不是狮子，便是大象或长颈鹿。事实上，这些动物并非四处可见，至少不至于像电影中描述的那样出没在人们的院落。正如将美国人都视为富翁通常仅仅是假象一样，我们对其他文化的看法也时常出现偏颇。//
The peoples and countries of the world have always loved
their history and the land they have lived on for generations.
Indeed, the prevalence of such feelings would seem to indicate that
they respond to something most basic in human nature. But another
most-human feeling is hope in a better future. We look back and we
re we look forward and hope that our children
will have a better life than we had.// In a world marked by rapid
industrialization and accelerating change, maintaining a felicitous
balance between the two is indeed a challenge. “We cannot live in
the past,” we say to ourselves, only to add, “but we can’t live
without our past!”//
世界各国人民都热爱他们的历史以及世世代代生活的土地。对过去的眷恋和对美好未来的期盼是人类共有的情感。我们回顾历史，不忘祖先；我们展望未来，希望我们的后代生活得更好。//因此，在工业化迅速发展、变化层出不穷的当今世界，如何在过去和未来之间保持一种恰到好处的平衡的确是个挑战。“我们不能生活在过去，但是没有过去我们也无法生存！”//
In the century which has just come to a close, many began
to realize that there are certain manifestations of nature or
culture that really evoke or express something so profoundly human
that they deserve to be preserved for all humanity. The Convention
Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
Heritage was adopted by UNESCO in 1972.// As UNESCO says, “Our
cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of
life and inspiration. They are our touchstones, our points of
reference, our identity.”
在刚刚过去的20世纪，许多人开始意识到某些自然或文化资源真正深刻地触动了人类的情感：为了全人类，我们应该保护这些遗产。1972年联合国教科文组织通过了《保护世界文化与自然遗产公约》。//
正如它所说，“我们的文化与自然遗产是不可替代的生命源泉和灵感源泉，能帮助我们点石成金、旁征博引、确定身份。”
Quite clearly, many historic neighborhoods and buildings
are in cities—the growing, expanding, changing urban centers so
unlike the old cities that lent its name to the citizens who
inhabited them. The first International Conference for Mayors of
Historic Cities in China and the EU was held in historic Suzhou—an
apt site since it was an early point of Chinese & European contact
in the time of Marco Polo and the Yuan Dynasty.// The signing of
the “Suzhou Declaration,” marks new progress in understanding how
to combine the desire to preserve our heritage withtheneeds of
sustainable development in order to improve the lives of
许多历史古迹位于城市，然而随着城市的发展壮大，旧日的城址已容貌大变。早在马可·波罗时期和元朝，苏州就是中欧交流的起点，因此当之无愧地成为召开首届“中欧历史名城市长国际大会”的地点。//
大会起草的“苏州宣言”标志着在如何把保护历史名城和促进其持续发展相结合方面取得了新的进展。
The people of Suzhou invited us one night to enjoy
traditional music in the 200-year-old Master-of-Nets Garden. There,
next to a pond and under a light rain, I sat under a gazebo and
listened to a short reed-flute solo. The moon was not visible but I
could feel its presence.// At such a moment the world takes on a
new shape—larger, more varied, with many paths crossing and leading
to yet-to-be-discovered opportunities, with even the rain a
blessing. Here there are no stranger but only friends to be made.
This, for me, is the embodiment of a heritage shared.//
我们应邀在有两百年历史的苏州网师园观赏了一场传统音乐会。我坐在池塘边的凉亭下，听着短笛独奏，天空飘着细雨，月亮若隐若现。//
此刻的世界呈现出一个崭新的面貌——更为辽阔、多姿多彩，条条道路都隐含着无限的机会。在这里人人都不陌生，大家都是朋友。对于我来讲，这就是共享人类文化自然遗产的精华所在。//
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